1. Bronchiectasis
(this may be due to tuberculosis).
2. Bronchogenic carcinoma, usually in middle aged and elderly
patients. However, in Hong Kong adenocarcinoma may occur, particularly
in females, sometimes at a relatively young age.
3. Pneumoconiosis, most commonly silicosis (tuberculosis may co-exist).
4. Sarcoidosis
5. Pneumonia and lung abscess, particularly due to staphylococci,
klebsiella pneumoniae, melioidosis, anaerobic organisms.